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If throttling is triggered, threads that generate dirty pages are slowed with LockSupport.parkNanos(). Throttling stops when none of two conditions above is true (or when checkpoint is finished). As a result, node will provide constant operations/sec rate at the speed of storage device instead of initial burst and following long freeze.
There are two approaches to calculate necessary time to park thread: exponential backoff (start with ultra-short park, every next park will be <factor> times longer) and speed-based (collect history of disk write speed measurements, extrapolate it to calculate "ideal" speed and bound threads that generate dirty pages with that "ideal" speed) - Ignite node chooses one of them adaptively.
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