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Yes Camel can run standalone or in any container. Running Standalone is as simple just to create a CamelContext, add routes and start it. If you don't want to write your own java main, you could use the one from Spring camel-spring (http://activemq.apache.org/camel/maven/camel-spring/apidocs/) also used by the Camel Maven Plugin.

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And the concrete walk through a plain old java main example:
Walk through an Example

The FAQ have some more details.:
Faq

And if you use Maven for your projects Camel has maven tools to boot up in standalone mode and quickly run you Camel application:
Camel Maven Plugin

This is how you can run the Examples that is included in the Camel distribution.
In Camel 1.4 we will also have ANT build.xml files to quickly start the examples standalone.