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Unfortunately there is currently a back-and-forth conflict between Microsoft and NVIDIA in regards to Visual Studio and CUDA versions.  Developers wanting to utilize these platforms are caught in the middle.  The problem is that with each new CUDA release NVIDIA indicates a minimum, and maximum version number of Visual Studio that the release will work with.  This was generally not a problem with prior release releases of Visual Studio as the release cadence was fairly low, so it was likely you would have the exact version you needed.  The current Visual Studio release cadence is quite high, and users are frequently prompted for updates.  The combination of these factors means frequent major version updates on VS's side, and a maximum version specified by CUDA mean that if you download the newest version of CUDA, and trying to run it with an up-to-date version of Visual Studio, your code is unlikely to compile.

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https://devtalk.nvidia.com/default/topic/1032800/cuda-setup-and-installation/visual-studio-integration-failed-/

https://devtalk.nvidia.com/default/topic/10246551032284/cuda-setup-9and-0installation/cuda-176visual-installerstudio-failsintegration-everyinstallation-timefailed/

https://devtalk.nvidia.com/default/topic/10322841024458/cuda-setup-and-installation/nvidia-cuda-visualversion-studio9-integration0-installationinstaller-failed/3

https://devtalk.nvidia.com/default/topic/10244581024655/cuda-setup9-and0-installation/nvidia176-cudainstaller-versionfails-9-0-installer-failed/3every-time/

https://devtalk.nvidia.com/default/topic/1033047/cuda-setup-and-installation/seriously-what-is-up-with-cuda-9-0-failing-visual-studio-integration/

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I recommend using CUDA 9.2 with Visual Studio 15.6.7.  This combination of Visual Studio / and CUDA releases seems to work well, and has many important bug fixes and features.  Updating to a more recent version of Visual Studio will likely prevent you from compiling.

You can download and install Visual Studio 15.6.7 from here:
https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/visualstudio/productinfo/installing-an-earlier-release-of-vs2017

The direct VS community edition link for 15.6.7 is here: https://aka.ms/eac464

Install CUDA 9.2 (and patch) after installing 15.6.7 to install Visual Studio integration properly.

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