The default Interceptor stack is designed to serve the needs of most applications. Most applications will not need to add Interceptors or change the Interceptor stack.
Many Actions share common concerns. Some Actions need input validated. Other Actions may need a file upload to be pre-processed. Another Action might need protection from a double submit. Many Actions need drop-down lists and other controls pre-populated before the page displays.
The framework makes it easy to share solutions to these concerns using an "Interceptor" strategy. When you request a resource that maps to an "action", the framework invokes the Action object. But, before the Action is executed, the invocation can be intercepted by another object. After the Action executes, the invocation could be intercepted again. Unsurprisingly, we call these objects "Interceptors."
Understanding Interceptors
Interceptors can execute code before and after an Action is invoked. Most of the framework's core functionality is implemented as Interceptors. Features like double-submit guards, type conversion, object population, validation, file upload, page preparation, and more, are all implemented with the help of Interceptors. Each and every Interceptor is pluggable, so you can decide exactly which features an Action needs to support.
Interceptors can be configured on a per-action basis. Your own custom Interceptors can be mixed-and-matched with the Interceptors bundled with the framework. Interceptors "set the stage" for the Action classes, doing much of the "heavy lifting" before the Action executes.
Action Lifecyle |
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In some cases, an Interceptor might keep an Action from firing, because of a double-submit or because validation failed. Interceptors can also change the state of an Action before it executes.
The Interceptors are defined in a stack that specifies the execution order. In some cases, the order of the Interceptors on the stack can be very important.
Configuring Interceptors
<package name="default" extends="struts-default"> <interceptors> <interceptor name="timer" class=".."/> <interceptor name="logger" class=".."/> </interceptors> <action name="login" class="tutorial.Login"> <interceptor-ref name="timer"/> <interceptor-ref name="logger"/> <result name="input">login.jsp</result> <result name="success" type="redirect-action">/secure/home</result> </action> </package>
Stacking Interceptors
With most web applications, we find ourselves wanting to apply the same set of Interceptors over and over again. Rather than reiterate the same list of Interceptors, we can bundle these Interceptors together using an Interceptor Stack.
<package name="default" extends="struts-default"> <interceptors> <interceptor name="timer" class=".."/> <interceptor name="logger" class=".."/> <interceptor-stack name="myStack"> <interceptor-ref name="timer"/> <interceptor-ref name="logger"/> </interceptor-stack> </interceptors> <action name="login" class="tutuorial.Login"> <interceptor-ref name="myStack"/> <result name="input">login.jsp</result> <result name="success" type="redirect-action">/secure/home</result> </action> </package>
Looking inside struts-default.xml
, we can see how it's done.
The Default Configuration
Since the struts-default.xml
is included in the application's configuration by default, all of the predefined interceptors and stacks are available "out of the box".
Framework Interceptors
Interceptor classes are also defined using a key-value pair specified in the Struts configuration file. The names specified below come specified in struts-default.xml. If you extend the struts-default
package, then you can use the names below. Otherwise, they must be defined in your package with a name-class pair specified in the <interceptors> tag.
Interceptor |
Name |
Description |
---|---|---|
alias |
Converts similar parameters that may be named differently between requests. |
|
chain |
Makes the previous Action's properties available to the current Action. Commonly used together with <result type="chain"> (in the previous Action). |
|
checkbox |
Adds automatic checkbox handling code that detect an unchecked checkbox and add it as a parameter with a default (usually 'false') value. Uses a specially named hidden field to detect unsubmitted checkboxes. The default unchecked value is overridable for non-boolean value'd checkboxes. |
|
cookie |
Inject cookie with a certain configurable name / value into action. (Since 2.0.7.) |
|
conversionError |
Adds conversion errors from the ActionContext to the Action's field errors |
|
createSession |
Create an HttpSession automatically, useful with certain Interceptors that require a HttpSession to work properly (like the TokenInterceptor) |
|
debugging |
Provides several different debugging screens to provide insight into the data behind the page. |
|
execAndWait |
Executes the Action in the background and then sends the user off to an intermediate waiting page. |
|
exception |
Maps exceptions to a result. |
|
fileUpload |
An Interceptor that adds easy access to file upload support. |
|
i18n |
Remembers the locale selected for a user's session. |
|
logger |
Outputs the name of the Action. |
|
store |
Store and retrieve action messages / errors / field errors for action that implements ValidationAware interface into session. |
|
model-driven |
If the Action implements ModelDriven, pushes the |
|
scoped-model-driven |
If the Action implements ScopedModelDriven, the interceptor retrieves and stores the model from a scope and sets it on the action calling |
|
params |
Sets the request parameters onto the Action. |
|
prepare |
If the Action implements Preparable, calls its |
|
scope |
Simple mechanism for storing Action state in the session or application scope. |
|
servletConfig |
Provide access to Maps representing HttpServletRequest and HttpServletResponse. |
|
staticParams |
Sets the |
|
roles |
Action will only be executed if the user has the correct JAAS role. |
|
timer |
Outputs how long the Action takes to execute (including nested Interceptors and View) |
|
token |
Checks for valid token presence in Action, prevents duplicate form submission. |
|
tokenSession |
Same as Token Interceptor, but stores the submitted data in session when handed an invalid token |
|
validation |
Performs validation using the validators defined in action-validation.xml |
|
workflow |
Calls the |
|
N/A |
Removes parameters from the list of those available to Actions |
|
profiling |
Activate profiling through parameter |
Since 2.0.7, Interceptors and Results with hyphenated names were converted to camelCase. (The former model-driven is now modelDriven.) The original hyphenated names are retained as "aliases" until Struts 2.1.0. For clarity, the hyphenated versions are not listed here, but might be referenced in prior versions of the documentation.
Method Filtering
Interceptor Parameter Overriding
Order of Interceptor Execution
Interceptors provide an excellent means to wrap before/after processing. The concept reduces code duplication (think AOP).
<interceptor-stack name="xaStack"> <interceptor-ref name="thisWillRunFirstInterceptor"/> <interceptor-ref name="thisWillRunNextInterceptor"/> <interceptor-ref name="followedByThisInterceptor"/> <interceptor-ref name="thisWillRunLastInterceptor"/> </interceptor-stack>
Note that some Interceptors will interrupt the stack/chain/flow ... so the order is very important.
Interceptors implementing com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.PreResultListener
will run after the Action executes but before the Result executes.
thisWillRunFirstInterceptor thisWillRunNextInterceptor followedByThisInterceptor thisWillRunLastInterceptor MyAction1 MyAction2 (chain) MyPreResultListener MyResult (result) thisWillRunLastInterceptor followedByThisInterceptor thisWillRunNextInterceptor thisWillRunFirstInterceptor
FAQ
- How do we configure an Interceptor to be used with every Action?
- How do we get access to the session?
- How can we access the HttpServletRequest?
- How can we access the HttpServletResponse?
- How can we access request parameters passed into an Action?
- How do we access static parameters from an Action?
- Can we access an Action's Result?
- How do I obtain security details (JAAS)?
- Why isn't our Prepare interceptor being executed?
- How do we upload files?