LanguageManual Union

Union Syntax

select_statement UNION [ALL | DISTINCT] select_statement UNION [ALL | DISTINCT] select_statement ...

UNION is used to combine the result from multiple SELECT statements into a single result set.

The default behavior for UNION is that duplicate rows are removed from the result. The optional DISTINCT keyword has no effect other than the default because it also specifies duplicate-row removal. With the optional ALL keyword, duplicate-row removal does not occur and the result includes all matching rows from all the SELECT statements. 

You can mix UNION ALL and UNION DISTINCT in the same query. Mixed UNION types are treated such that a DISTINCT union overrides any ALL union to its left. A DISTINCT union can be produced explicitly by using UNION DISTINCT or implicitly by using UNION with no following DISTINCT or ALL keyword.

The number and names of columns returned by each select_statement have to be the same. Otherwise, a schema error is thrown.

If some additional processing has to be done on the result of the UNION, the entire statement expression can be embedded in a FROM clause like below:

SELECT *
FROM (
  select_statement
  UNION ALL
  select_statement
) unionResult

For example, if we suppose there are two different tables that track which user has published a video and which user has published a comment, the following query joins the results of a UNION ALL with the user table to create a single annotated stream for all the video publishing and comment publishing events:

    SELECT u.id, actions.date
    FROM (
        SELECT av.uid AS uid 
        FROM action_video av 
        WHERE av.date = '2008-06-03' 
        UNION ALL 
        SELECT ac.uid AS uid 
        FROM action_comment ac 
        WHERE ac.date = '2008-06-03' 
     ) actions JOIN users u ON (u.id = actions.uid) 

Unions can be used in views, inserts, and CTAS (create table as select) statements. A query can contain multiple UNION ALL clauses, as shown in the syntax above.

To apply ORDER BY, SORT BY, CLUSTER BY, DISTRIBUTE BY or LIMIT to an individual SELECT, place the clause inside the parentheses that enclose the SELECT:

SELECT key FROM (SELECT key FROM src ORDER BY key LIMIT 10)a
UNION
SELECT key FROM (SELECT key FROM src1 ORDER BY key LIMIT 10)b

To use an ORDER BY, SORT BY, CLUSTER BY or LIMIT clause to the entire UNION result, place the ORDER BY, SORT BY, CLUSTER BY, DISTRIBUTE BY or LIMIT after the last one. The following example uses both ORDER BY and LIMIT clauses:

SELECT key FROM src
UNION
SELECT key FROM src1 
ORDER BY key LIMIT 10